20-23. A human resources manager thinks that employees who work in a more open work environment are more satisfied with their jobs than those who work in a less open work environment. She selects a random sample of 400 employees and measures their work environment (high-more open, low-less open) and job satisfaction (high, low). He learns that 140 of the 200 employees who work in a more open work environment report high job satisfaction and that 100 of the 200 employees who work in a less open work environment report low job satisfaction. He wants to know whether he should make the work environment more open or less open. Note 1: X = Independent variable. Y = Dependent variable. Note 2: L= Low, H = High. 20. Which of the following hypothetical data is appropriate for addressing this management challenge? Hint: The independent variable and the dependent variable are both measured at the ordinal level. Therefore, the means and standard deviations cannot be calculated and they do not exist. A. X = H,L,L,L,H,H,L,H,H,H,...... Y = H,L,L,H,H,L,H,,L,L,H,..... Which can be summarized as: Mean Standard deviation More Open Work Environment (H) 140 8 Less Open work Environment (L) 80 10 This information is shown below in a table format: Mean Standard Deviation More Open Work Environment (H) 140 8 Less Open Work Environment (L) 80 10 B. X = H,L,L,L,H,H,L,H,H,H,...... Y = H,L,L,H,H,L,H,L,L,H,..... Which can be tabled as: Work Environment (X) L(Less open) H (More open) Job Satisfaction (Y) L 100 60 H 100 140 This information is shown below in a table format: Job Satisfaction (Y) Work Environment (X) L (Less open) H (More open) L 100 60 H 100 140 C. X = 1,30,21,40,32,40,35, ....... Y = 3,2,4,5,6,7,3,4,5,6,7,8,....... Which can be reduced to: Y = 100 +20X D. X = 1,30,21,40,32,40,35, ....... Y = 3,2,4,5,6,7,3,4,5,6,7,8,....... Which can be reduced to: Mean = 140, Standard deviation = 40. 21. Analyze (or interpret) the data that you chose in the previous question. Which of the following is the appropriate analysis outcome? A. Those who work in a more open work environment are 20% more likely to be satisfied with their jobs than those who work in a less open work environment. B. We conclude that the average job satisfaction score of those who work in a less open work environment is significantly higher than those who work in a more open work environment. When we claim this, we would be wrong less than 5% of the time. C. When the work environment score goes up by 10, the job satisfaction score goes up by 20. D. Those who work in a more open work environment are 90% more likely to be satisfied with their jobs than those who work in a less open work environment 22. Given the outcome of the analysis, what would you recommend to the human resources manager? A. Try to do nothing because the outcome indicates that there is no relationship between work environment and job satisfaction. B. Try to make the work environment less open so that job satisfaction can go up. C. Try to make the work environment more open so that job satisfaction can go up, particularly if there are no other factors that can account for job satisfaction. D. Try to take a warm bubble bath and reanalyze the data because the data are not analyzed appropriately. 23. Variables can be measured at several different levels. The level of measurement determines or constrains the types of statistical method that can be used to address a given management challenge. Which of the following hypothetical statements would be correct? Note: Levels of measurement (Chapter 2), Difference of means test (Chapter 8), crosstabulation analysis (Chapter 10), and regression analysis (Chapter 13) should be reviewed before answering these questions. Appendix D has some relevant information as well. In general, regression analysis requires interval-ratio independent variables and interval-ratio dependent variables. Crosstabulation analysis uses nominal or ordinal independent variables, and nominal or ordinal dependent variables. Difference of means tests use nominal or ordinal independent variables and interval-ratio dependent variables. A. If we measure the work environment variable at the nominal level (with two categories: open work environment and closed work environment) and the job satisfaction variable at the interval-ratio level (with an index of job satisfaction), we can use crosstabulation analysis to examine the relationship between these two variables. B. If we measure the work environment variable at the ordinal level (with two categories: more open work environment and less open work environment) and the job satisfaction variable at the ordinal level (with two categories: more satisfaction and less satisfaction), we can do regression analysis to examine the relationship between these two variables. C. If we measure the work environment variable at the interval-ratio level (with an index) and the job satisfaction variable at the ordinal level (with two categories: more satisfaction and less satisfaction), we can do a difference of means test to examine the relationship between these two variables. D. If we measure the work environment variable at the interval-ratio level (with an index) and the job satisfaction variable at the interval-ratio level (with an index), we can do regression analysis to examine the relationship between these two variables