2a

In section 5.3.3, we described the incident in which a hacker group hacked into the Bat Area Rapid transit system (BART) to protest BARTs shut down of wireless communication in some BART stations. Was this a form of hacktivism? Was it ethical? Give reasons.

2b

Describe a (hypothetical) hacking attack by a foreign government that you would consider an act of war. Indicate what characteristics of the attack lead to that conclusion.

2c

In section 5.5.1, we gave an analogy between merchants accepting some amount of shoplifting, on the one hand, and merchants and credit card companies accepting some amount of credit card fraud, on the other hand. Identify a strength and weakness of this analogy.