$31.$ A $16$ element array stores the integers $81,16,2,89,54,23,76,25,37,107,1,74,45,16,31,$ and $58$ in elements $0$ through $15,$ respectively. They are to be sorted using the merge sort. a$.$ How many passes will be performed to complete the sort? b$.$ Show the contents of the array at the beginning of the sort and after each pass. c$.$ Count the number of comparisons that were made to sort the $16$ items.