$3.($IOT ARCHITECTURE AND PROTOCOLS$)$

Suppose $4$ sensor nodes are deployed for an irrigation system. Each node is

communicating to the coordinator node at a distance of $30$m$,70$m$,110$m$,$ and

$150$m and sending $10$ bytes, $5$ bytes, $3$ bytes, and $7$ bytes with a path loss

exponent of $2$ respectively. Consider that the energy required for this

network is given from batteries which can be recharged but have to be

maintained for long duration. Assume the following for the energy

dissipation,

Energy dissipated to run the transmitter in the sensor node $=80$nJ$/$bit

Energy dissipated to run the transmitter in the central node $($coordinator$)=$

$900$nJ$/$bit

Energy dissipated to run the transmission amplifier only in the central node

$=200$pJ$/$bit$/$m$2$

i $)$Calculate the transmission costs and receiving costs after the first

round for the $4$ sensor nodes and the coordinator node. $(6$ Marks$)$

ii$)$ Discuss the cluster head election policy using LEACH algorithm so that

the network can be divided into small groups. $(2$ Marks$)$

iii$)$ If the initial percentage of cluster head probability among all $\text{'}$n$\text{'}$ nodes

is $10\%,$ calculate the threshold for 'Node $3\text{'}$ at round $4.(2$ Marks$)$