$(3)$ Write short notes on the following:

a$)$ Downward communication $(5$ marks$)$

b$)$ Horizontal communication $(5$ marks$)$

c$)$ Upward communication $(5$ marks$)$

d$)$ Grapevine $(5$ marks$)$

a$.$ State and explain five $(5)$ forms of non$-$verbal communication. $(10$ marks$)$

b$.$ With succinct examples, discuss five $(5)$ uses of non$-$verbal communication.

$(10$ marks$)$

a$.$ Explain in detail five barriers to effective communication. $(10$ marks$)$

b$.$ Discuss the guidelines for overcoming these barriers. $(10$ marks$)$