33) In certain cases, a third party can hold a principal to a contract even though the agent

acted outside the authorization given him by his principal and even though his principal

elected not to ratify the contract made by the agent. The third party can enforce the

contract because of

a. the reasonable agent theory.

b. agency by express agreement.

c. the failure of the principal to register the agency agreement.

d. the agent's apparent authority.

e. fiduciary duty