$45.$ Stabilizing crude oil by removing volatile substances like $\_\_\_\_$ and $\_\_\_\_$ is essential for safe $\_\_\_\_$ and reducing $\_\_\_\_$ losses.

$46.$ In fractional distillation, the separation of crude oil into fractions with varying $\_\_\_\_$ points allows refineries to produce a wide range of products, including $\_\_\_\_,\_\_\_\_,$ and $\_\_\_\_.$

$47.$ The ASTM distillation curve is a critical tool for assessing the boiling $\_\_\_\_$ of petroleum products, impacting $\_\_\_\_$ formulation and quality $\_\_\_\_.$

$48.$ The detailed boiling point information provided by TBP distillation is invaluable for refining $\_\_\_\_$ planning and optimizing the $\_\_\_\_$ of petroleum fractions.