45. A Restructuring Strategy:

1. It involves creating value by altering the strategy, change the management of the company, and improve efficiency.
2. It involves little added value to the unit because it is autonomous and there is little corporate involvement in its management.
3. It involves disseminating specific capabilities across several corporate units.
4. All of the above.

46. According to the text, there are 4 characteristics of the company that affect the patterns of dynamics and rivalry in an industry. Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics?

1. The relative size of the company within its industry.
2. The formal education level of the company president
3. The price of the product
4. Distribution levels
5. The above represent the 4 characteristics of the companies that affect the patterns of dynamics and rivalry in an industry.

47. Recent trends that would lead managers of multinational corporations to adopt a more centralized strategy for their operations would include all of the following EXCEPTIONS

1. fluctuations in currency exchange rates.
2. the needs, interests, and tastes of the client are becoming more homogeneous or similar
3. Consumers around the world are increasingly willing to give up their idiosyncratic preferences in product features for a lower price.
4. trends in flexible manufacturing have allowed a reduction in the minimum volume required to reach acceptable levels of production efficiency.