$56\mathrm{.}78$ How do theoretical frameworks in civil engineering provide a foundation for understanding and addressing complex challenges within the field? Explore the significance of theoretical underpinnings in areas such as structural analysis, geotechnical engineering, transportation systems, and environmental sustainability. Consider the role of theoretical models, principles, and equations in predicting behavior, optimizing designs, and ensuring safety standards. Additionally, discuss how theoretical advancements drive innovation, influence regulatory frameworks, and shape professional practice. Delve into specific examples where theoretical frameworks have been pivotal in advancing civil engineering knowledge and contributing to the development of infrastructure solutions that meet societal needs and challenges.