Question: 5. (a) For a system in thermal equilibrium explain the Boltzmann expression for energy levels. Use Boltzmann's relationship to calculate the ratio of the number

5. (a) For a system in thermal equilibrium explain the Boltzmann

5. (a) For a system in thermal equilibrium explain the Boltzmann expression for energy levels. Use Boltzmann's relationship to calculate the ratio of the number of atoms in energy states Ej and E2, for two different photons with transition wavelengths of 600 nm and 1200 nm at room temperature. If the atoms could be cooled to the cryogenic temperature of 4 K, what happens? (7 marks) (b) Describe the process of producing a hologram using a simple diagram. What is the role of a laser in a holographic setup? Discuss two practical applications of holographic techniques and describe the arrangements and their optical configuration. (7 marks) (c) For a transparent medium, how is the critical angle related to Brewster's polarizing angle? (6 marks)

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