5. True or False\".J The effect size is the difference in the parameter of interest that represents a clinically meaningful difference (in standard deviation units}. 1 . A specic medication used to prevent strokes: heart attacks. and blood clots requires a different dosage of medication for members of the African American population than the Caucasian population because a specific gene affects the way the drug is metabolized within the body. This is an example of which of the following? a. Confounding 1:. Selection bias c. Differential bias d. Effect modification 2. A new and relatively expensive medication is released into the population to treat type II diabetes. A doctor notices that poor patients are less likely to see effects from the medication than more wealthy patients. but after conducting a survey the doctor finds the poor patients are less likely to fully comply with their medication regimen because they cannot afford to take the medication on a regular basis. This is an example of which of the following? a. Statistical interaction 1:. Confounding c. Selection bias d. Rec all bias 3 . Research has found that circumcision has a protective effect and helps prevent HIV in men who have sex with women. but circumcision does not seem to have the same protective effect helping to prevent HIV in men who have sex with men. This is an example of which of the following? a Confounding Selection bias b. c. Effect in odifi cation d. Rec all bias 4. A study is conducted in patients with HIV. The primary outcome is CD4 cell count= which is a measure of the stage of the disease. Lower CD4 counts are associated with more advanced disease. The investigators are interested in the association between vitamin and mineral supplements and CD4 count. A multiple regression analysis is peifonned relating CD4 count to use of supplements {coded as l = yes= {II = no} and to duration of HIT, in years {i.e._. the number of years between the diagnosis of HIT and the study date}. For the analysis. Y = CD4 count. Y: 561.41 - 12.6? Supplements 3023 Duration of HIV Page 3 of S I-[LTI-I 3'01 1Eli-"hat is the expected CD4 count for a patient not taking supplements who has had HIT for 5 years? a. 356.26 b. 62.82 c. 302.4? d. l