52. The definition of random sampling implies that (a) every item in the population has an equal chance of being selected (b) every n th item in sequence will be selected (c) one item in every 10 items will be selected (d) 10% of all the population will be sampled 53. Convenience samples are (a) always randomly selected (b) systematically taken to insure randomness (c) usually selected based on ease of gathering the sample (d) taken randomly in different strata 54. When only students in Business Administration are to be telephone polled (versus students throughout the University) so as to reduce the amount of variability in the population, which type of sample is being suggested? (a) Systematic (b) Convenience (c) Stratified (d) Progressive 55. If one has calculated a 95% confidence interval of the mean, what would be the corresponding alpha error? (a) 95% (b) 95%/2=47.5% (c) 5% (d) 5%/2=2.5% 56. In order to increase the precision of a confidence interval, what is the correct procedure? (a) decrease the sample size (b) increase the sample size (c) decrease the sample mean value (d) increase the confidence level 57. The precision of a confidence interval is (a) directly proportional to the population standard deviation (b) inversely proportional to the square root of the sample size (c) directly proportional to the confidence level (d) all of the above 58. An hypothesis test refers to testing proposals about (a) sample statistics calculations on the mean and standard deviations (b) the sampling procedure, whether random, etc. (c) parameters such as mean, standard deviation, etc. (d) none of the above 59. The null hypothesis is always established as (a) a greater than proposition (b) a less than proposition (c) an unequal to proposition (d) an equal to proposition