$648936$ : $64937$ What foundational theories underpin various disciplines within civil engineering? Explore the theoretical frameworks guiding structural analysis, materials science, geotechnical engineering, transportation systems, and environmental engineering. Consider the principles of mechanics, thermodynamics, and fluid dynamics as applied to infrastructure design and maintenance. How do these theories inform the understanding of load distribution, material properties, soil behavior, traffic flow, and environmental impact? Furthermore, how are these theories integrated into practical applications, such as designing resilient structures, optimizing transportation networks, mitigating environmental degradation, and ensuring sustainable development? Explore the interdisciplinary nature of civil engineering theory and its implications for addressing complex societal challenges.