6. If we suspect issues with our boot drive we could create an empty file forcefsck at / (/forcefsck) in our filesystem. What would that cause to happen?

7. We discussed using dmesg and kern.log to discover info about our boot process in our notes. (note:when you hear filter or limit results you should be thinking | and grep/etc..)

a. TPM is Trusted Platform Manager. Discover if this functionality is enabled in your VM. Insert screensnip below to show how you discovered the answer: (command/output, please filter results so there is a reasonable or no extra info displayed)

b. Virtualbox guest additions will load a kernel module during the boot process if you have properly installed guest additions''. Insert screensnip that shows that this module(s) have been loaded. Refer to dmesg output or kern.log. Note: if you dont have guest additions loaded, youll need to see to that first.

c. Show me (limit) output from dmesg to the last 5 lines. *then* insert a USB drive and make it available on your VM. Recall this was part of another assignment. Again display the last 5 lines from dmesg. Show me a screensnip that exhibits the difference.

8. Run cat /proc/cmdline in your booted VM. Note that (by default) the cmd line will include quiet and splash. Our Goal here is to get rid of these kernel options. So that well observe a noisy boot without a splash screen. Classically the file to edit this was /boot/grub/grub.cfg. However if you view that file you find that the first few lines indicate DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE.

a. We discussed which file we would likely need to edit in chapter 5 video, but you can find this with a little searching too.. What file should we edit to change our VM to default to *not* using the quiet and splash options? (if you're stuck I know if you google the terms: ubuntu file to edit for changing grub options , without quotes the answer is in the first result). Once you find the file take a few moments to read the file and comments.

b. Once you know the file (part a above) remove/delete quiet splash from the config. USE CARE, a mistake here can make your VM unbootable.

There are 2 steps to ready your system for reboot without these options in place. You completed step one (editing the file), what is the second/final step/command (if you get stuck, re-review the file above and its comments)?

c. When ready for reboot run command sudo init 6. Describe what you observed during the boot sequence as contrasted with earlier boots.

d. Once youve logged back into your system (immediately after above step) clear a terminal and create a screen snip of the output from the command hostnamectl;whoami;cat /proc/cmdline Insert snip below:

e. Restore your grub boot options (quite/splash) to your prior (default) values. Again, being careful.

Most of the following are well covered in our text. You would do well to refer to it for your answers.

9. Name 3 different linux boot loaders.

10. What is the primary tasks a bootloader must do for us:

11. Causing grub to load and run a different bootloader is referred to as:

12. Why would one load and run a different bootloader as in the previous question?

13. There are 2 main systems that start the boot procedure prior to any OS loading or even access to the drive. What are these 2 systems? Which is the current standard?

14. What is the parent process (parent of all processes) in a sysV based linux OS?

15. What is the parent process (parent of all processes) in a systemd based linux OS?

16. We know from our class time that our ubuntu machines are systemd based. On your VM run the command ps -ef|grep init. You see that the number one process (processID 1) lists as init. To help you understand (if needed) take a look at https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/a-brief-overview-and-history-of-systemd-the-linux-process-manager/

Now explain why, on a systemD machine we see the # 1 process to be init?

There are a couple items we should have touched on in our earlier discussions or homeworks.. Lets review just a bit.

17. If you run out of ram AND swap how does your linux system react to demands for more memory when memory and SWAP run out? (discussed in chapter 4)

18. What is the linux utility to repair damaged filesystems on linux?

19. If you had a damaged portable hard drive with a /dev/sdc1 ext3 partition AND you want to repair this system AND you want to reply yes to allow all repairs to be run non-interactively.. What command would you issue? Assume drive is connected, but not mounted.

20. How long did this assignment take you?