$7.$ Question $7$:

$*$Layer $1$:$*$ Examine the ethical considerations surrounding the distribution of oil wealth within oil$-$producing countries, particularly in terms of income inequality, social justice, and governance.

$*$Layer $2$:$*$ Additionally, discuss the potential implications of corruption, rent$-$seeking behavior, and resource curse phenomena on the political stability and development trajectory of oil$-$rich nations, and propose strategies to address these challenges.

$8.$ Question $8$:

$*$Layer $1$:$*$ Explore the environmental impact of petroleum consumption and its role in contributing to air pollution, water contamination, and climate change.

$*$Layer $2$:$*$ Moreover, discuss the transition towards cleaner energy sources and the challenges associated with decarbonizing the transportation sector, including the adoption of electric vehicles, renewable fuels, and sustainable urban mobility solutions.