Question: 8 . Activity coefficients are introduced in non - ideal solutions to account for interactions that deviate from _ ' s law. 9 . The

8. Activity coefficients are introduced in non-ideal solutions to account for interactions that deviate from _'s law.
9. The Gibbs-Duhem equation relates changes in the chemical potentials of components, ensuring that the _ condition of a system is maintained.
10._ is the excess Gibbs energy per mole of mixture arising from non-ideal mixing.
11. The Margules equation provides a relationship between activity coefficients and composition for _ mixtures.

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