$(8$pt$)$ Using derivation to show that:

$($a$)(pq)=>(notq$notp$)$

$($b$)p=>(rp)$

$($c$)(p^{{?}^{?}}(rvvnots))=>(p(rvvnots))$

$($d$)(not{p}^{{?}^{?}}$notq$)=>(pq)$