$8)$ What is the example of pre$-$emption, also known as opportunity cost, cannibalization or pre$-$emptive impact, in the examples below?

a$)$ The amount of media rights paid to the NBA by ESPN and Warner Brothers Discovery today.

b$)$ The amount of merchandise sold by the New England Patriots each weekend.

c$)$ The profit or loss from the entertainment programs that the NCAA Basketball tournaments on CBS$,$ TBS and ESPN replace.

d$)$ The cost of producing the studio shows on site during the Final Fours.