9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15 Short Answer: Please provide brief. concise answers to the following questions. '1 What is the statistical denition of \"confounding?" What are the two primary sources of confounding discussed in the assigned reading? What Is a \"response variable?" Give an example not covered in the assigned reading. What is an \"explanatory variable?\" Give an example not covered in the assigned reading. Describe a simple experiment that measures one variable's effect on another. Name at least one potential confounding variable. How did an understanding of the placebo effect change arthroscopic knee surgery? When done correctly, explain how comparison addresses confounding. Suppose a social experiment is being done to compare two ways that a police ofcer can handle a domestic violence call. Effectiveness is measured by number of call-backs to that address within a week. How might the treatment randomization be handled here? What critical mistake did the manufacturers of ribavirin make in their early drug studies? What percentage of all the patients studied in the ribavirin trial developed AIDS. What were the treatments in the ibanserin study? What percent increase from baseline in the number of sexually satisfying events was reported by women in the placebo group? What is the denition of \"statistical signicance?" Were the ibanserin results statistically signicant? Why didn't the FDA approve ibanserin