A $1000$ ml water sample is collected from the effluent of a sand filter water treatment

plant and filtered through a filter paper $($weight of the filter paper $=0\mathrm{.}2000g$ before

filtration$).500$ ml of the filtrate is then collected and placed in a dish $($the weight $=0\mathrm{.}5000$

g before the filtrate is added$).$ Both the filter paper and the dish are then placed in an oven

at $104C$ until all the moisture is evaporated. The weights of the dried filter paper and dish

are recorded as $0\mathrm{.}240$ g and $0\mathrm{.}520$ g $,$ respectively. The dried filter paper is then ignited in a

furnace at a temperature of $550C.$ The weight of the ignited filter paper is recorded as

$0\mathrm{.}208$ g $.$ Assume that the filter paper can tolerate a temperature of higher than $600C.$

a$.$ Please calculate the concentrations $($in mg$/$litre$)$ of the total solids $($TS$),$ the total

suspended solids $($TSS$),$ the total dissolved solids $($TDS$),$ and the volatile suspended solids

$($VSS$).$

b$.$ To have a better understanding of the performance of the water treatment plant, the plant

manager would like to monitor TSS continuously. Would you please provide the plant

manager with a feasible solution and explain to the manager how it works?

c$.$ The TSS in the effluent is relatively high. The plant manager would like to upgrade the

water treatment plant to improve the effluent water quality. Would you please recommend

technology and explain to the manager the advantage and disadvantage of this technology?

The following incomplete data were presented in an analysis of a mineral water source in

Ireland. Mg and Na data are missing. Determine the missing values for Mg and Na $.$

Please $(1)$ briefly discuss the effect if waste is not managed properly, $(2)$ describe the

'waste management hierarchy as it is employed in relevant EU and national legislation,

and $(3)$ the relationships between waste management and circular economy.