A 32-year-old woman undergoing surgery for appendicitis develops malignant hyperthermia following halothene anesthesia. The life-threatening increase in metabolic rate and body temperature is attributed to a mutation of the ryanodine receptor in skeletal muscle, resulting in which of the following?

a. Excess calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) during muscle contraction

b. Rapid repetitive firing of the presynaptic terminals of motoneurons

c. Inability of skeletal muscle cells to repolarize

d. An increase in the refractory period of the motoneurons

e. Production of endogenous muscle pyrogens

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α α

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