Question: a. a Question 1 A downstream process is a series of separation steps leading to a purified protein product. The assembly of a series of

a. a Question 1 A downstream process is a series of separation steps leading to a purified protein product. The assembly of a series of steps into an integrated process is guided by some type of model, be it an existing example, rules-of-thumb (heuristics), or a more complex algorithm. Briefly discuss on the rules-of-thumb or heuristics during the purification of bioproducts. (6 marks) b. Osmotic shock is one of the chemical methods for cell disruption. Briefly explain the principle used in osmotic shock. (4 marks)

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