a$)$ Agenda Setting b$)$ Citizenship c$)$ Executive Powerd$)$ Externalitiese$)$ Head of Governmentf$)$ Head of Stateg$)$ Judicial Powerh$)$ Legislative Poweri$)$ Nation$-$Statej$)$ Non$-$Governmental Organizations $($NGOs$)$k$)$ Regimel$)$ Sovereigntym$)$ Territorialityn$)$ Treaty of WestphaliaAccording to the course text, politics is the process of making and enforcing collective decisions. The reason collective decisions are necessary are both for reasons of efficiency, as well as the need to deal with the problem of $,$ whereby individuals try to push the costs of their actions on others. Politics occurs throughout society, not just in government but even outside it$,$ for example among independent, self$-$created entities known as $,$ that are designed to promote the public good. Political influence can operate through applying sanctions and incentives, though it can occur through other means as well, such as whereby the immediate goal is to shape what topics the public thinks about.In government, an institutional distinction is often made between $,$ which is the ability to make laws, which is the ability to carry out laws, and which is the power to interpret existing legislation.When we think about politics, though, we tend to focus on the entity Max Weber termed the $.$ This relatively modern political arrangement first emerged after the $,$ which established the principle of rights of countries to have over a given territory. This principle extends to the mutual recognition of $,$ under which the laws of the country apply to everyone within it$,$ even if they do not have by virtue of the state legally$-$recognizing them as formally belonging to the country.Along with states and nations, political scientists discuss the concept of the $,$ which is defined in terms of institutions and practices of that country, particularly in regard to leadership selection and replacement. A nations main leaders can themselves play distinct roles. They can either administer the countrys laws and institutions, making them the $,$ or they can symbolically represent the nation as a $,$ or take on both roles, as does the President of the United States.