a. Based on this information, which level of debt shown above is the best choice for DFS?

Background case

DFS Corporation is currently an all-equity firm, with assets with a market value of $155 million and 4 million shares outstanding. DFS is considering a leveraged recapitalization to boost its share price. The firm plans to raise a fixed amount of permanent debt (i.e., the outstanding principal will remain constant) and use the proceeds to repurchase shares. DFS pays a 25% corporate tax rate, so one motivation for taking on the debt is to reduce the firm's tax liability. However, the upfront investment banking fees associated with the recapitalization will be 1% of the amount of debt raised. Adding leverage will also create the possibility of future financial distress or agency costs; shown below are DFS's estimates for different levels of debt:

Debt amount ($ million)	0	10	20	30	40	50
Present value of expected distress and agency costs ($ million)	0.0	- 0.16	- 1.81	- 3.52	- 7.41	- 11.46