A big concern of database administration is security and determining who is authorized to view and access your private information. Organizations with sensitive data use multiple methods of database security control, including user IDs and passwords, prior to database access. Various government rules and regulations such as Sarbannes-Oxley (SOX) and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) require database administrators to have strict security procedures in place to protect data from unauthorized users.

The Privacy Act (1974) and the HIPPA Privacy Act (1996) protect an individuals private information from disclosure without the individual's written permission. The HIPPA protects the disclosure of health information https://www.hhs.gov/foia/privacy/index.html.

Who should have the ability to access your student information -- you, your instructor, Student Services staff or campus director? How much of your student information do you think your instructor should be allowed to access? How much information should a campus director be allowed to access? The "Security" section on page 126 lists two SQL commands that can be used to control access to information in a database. What are the commands? Give an example

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