$($a$)$ Brief about controlling value and inversion value for a combinational circuit and discuss how the gate evaluation is carried out by input scanning.

$(4)$

Illustrate the bridging fault model for $"x$ dominates $Y$ if $x=1".$

$(1)$

Demonstrate the application of the $D$ algorithm by deriving a test for detecting

$(5)$

the $g$ s$-$a$-0$ fault in the circuit given in Fig. $3.$

a$)$ Explain Logic BIST system and its classification with neat diagram.

$(3)+5$

sh$)$ What is meant by hazards? Mention its types and how they are detected.

$(2)$

Illustrate the application of PODEM algorithm using the logical circuit shown in

$(5)$

Fig$\mathrm{.}4.$ Derive test vector for the circuit considering wire $g$ with S$-$A$-0$ fault.

$(10)$ Construct a pseudo random sequence generator lising the primitive polynomial

$(3)$

$1+x+x^4$ with external XOR LFSR$.$ Identify the proper seed value for the LFSR to get the maximal length sequence.

b$)$ Brief about Shorts and Opens in Wires.

$(2)$ Give answer on a paper