A Competition Authority is considering whether to impose mandatory interoperability requirements. By law, any intervention must be necessary and proportionate. Under what circumstances interoperability is unlikely to emerge organically as a market outcome.

Question $4$Select one:

a$.$

Firms are digital platforms offering services that offer significant network benefits; there is significant size asymmetry between the platforms.

b$.$

Firms are digital platforms of equal size and consumers tend to multi$-$home.

c$.$

Each firm produces a system of complementary products and interoperability would allow consumers to mix$-$and$-$match their products.

d$.$

Firms are digital platforms of equal size offering services that offer significant network benefits.