A$)-$ Energy$-$Efficient Building Design:

Discuss the principles and strategies of energy$-$efficient building design in civil engineering. Explain passive design techniques such as orientation, shading, and natural ventilation, as well as active systems like efficient HVAC $($heating$,$ ventilation, and air conditioning$)$ systems, lighting, and renewable energy integration. Analyze the role of energy modeling and simulation tools in optimizing building performance and reducing energy consumption.