A$.$ Explain how data replication in a Distributed Database Management System $($DDBMS$)$ can improve system reliability but also present challenges for update operations. Provide an example to illustrate your point $(2$ Points$)$

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B$.$ Describe the concept of "transparency" in a distributed DBMS and its types. $(1$ Point$)$ Answer:

C$.$ In the context of a Distributed Database Management System $($DDBMS$),$ differentiate between 'pullonly', 'push$-$only', and 'hybrid' data delivery modes. $(3$ Points$)$

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D$.$ What is data fragmentation in the context of distributed databases, and why is it used? $(2$ Points$)$

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E$.$ Differentiate between horizontal and vertical fragmentation. $(2$ Points$)$

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F$.$ What are the rules of thumb for data allocation in distributed databases? $(1$ Point$)$

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