a$)$ Explain the basic principles of CMOS technology and how it differs from other logic families.

b$)$ What are the advantages of using CMOS over TTL $($Transistor$-$Transistor Logic$)?$

c$)$ How do threshold voltage variations affect CMOS circuit performance?

d$)$ What are the common applications of CMOS technology in modern electronics?

e$)$ What challenges are associated with scaling down CMOS technology?