A function object is a value you can assign to a variable or pass as an argument. For example, do$\_$twice is a function that takes a function object as an argument and calls it twice: def do$\_$twice$($f$)$:

f$()$

f$()$

Here's an example that uses do$\_$twice to call a function named print$\_$spam twice.

def print$\_$spam$()$:

print$(\text{'}$spam$\text{'})$

do$\_$twice$($print$\_$spam$)$

Type this example into a script and test it$.$

Modify do$\_$twice so that it takes two arguments, a function object and a value, and calls the function twice, passing the value as an argument.

Copy the definition of print$\_$twice from earlier in this chapter to your script.

Use the modified version of do$\_$twice to call print$\_$twice twice, passing 'spam' as an argument.

Define a new function called do$\_$four that takes a function object and a value and calls the function four times, passing the value as a parameter. There should be only two statements in the body of this function, not four.