A horizontal rigid pipe with diameter of 1.5 m carries a flow rate of 8 m3 /s from a reservoir 10 m above the pipe elevation. A valve 10 km downstream of the reservoir is closed at t = 0 and it takes 10 s for the valve to be completely closed. (a) Estimate the maximum pressure inside the pipe due to water hammer. Given the bulk modulus of elasticity of water is Ev = 2.2 GPa. (b) Assume energy lost is negligible, plot the pressure distribution, the direction of water flow, and the direction of pressure wave along the pipe at t = 15 s. (c) If a surge tank 20 m tall is installed to absorb the impact of the water hammer, what is the minimum tank radius to prevent flooding over the surge tank?