1. a- In hypothesis testing, there are two different p-values: p critical (called alpha), and p observed. what is the difference between them in relation to the logic of hypothesis testing.
2. b- Why is a two-way chi-square called the test of independence?

5. You are interested in the relationship between class attendance and nal exam scores. Your data shows following correlations among final exam, class attendance, and motivation. What can be reasonably concluded based on the results ofthe actual relationship between final exam scores and class attendance? What is the estimated proportion of variability in final exam scores explained purely by class attendance after taking out the contribution of motivation? m _ _ 1.0 / - .6=(36%) Class attended .8 (64%) - hen I in an