A public relations manager asks a subordinate to coordinate a fundraising event. The subordinate has organized such an event previously, and assumes that the upcoming event should be similarly designed. What is influencing the subordinate's understanding of what the manager expects?

Attribution theory

Selective perception

Defensive bias

Perceptual filter

An employee proposes a new customer service process. The manager thanks the employee for their idea, and suggests that the process may be implemented in the New Year depending on the budget. The employee tells coworkers that a new process will be implemented in January. What is influencing the employee's understanding of their conversation with the manager?

Defensive bias

Selective perception

Retention

Attribution theory