A pump increases the mechanical energy within a system to increase the velocity, pressure, or elevation of a fluid. The most commonly used pumps are positive displacement and centrifugal action (or rotodynamic) A positive displacement (reciprocating and rotary) pump draws a fluid into a chamber and subsequently forces the fluid out of the chamber at a higher pressure. In reciprocating pumps, the chamber is a stationary cylinder and liquid is drawn into the cylinder by withdrawal of a piston in the cylinder. For rotary pumps, the chamber moves from inlet to discharge and back again, Reciprocating and rotary pumps can be used to very high pressures (250 - 3,000 psi) Centrifugal pumps are the most commonly used in process industries. A rotodynamic pump in its simplest form consists of an impeller rotating inside a casing. The rotation of the impeller imparts a high-velocity head (or fluid heighth=P/Og) to the fluid and converts this to an increased pressure upon discharge. Centrifugal pumps are used for lower pressures and can deliver liquid at uniform pressure without shocks or pulsations 1.)A fluid (0) - 790 kg/m') is directed through a cylindrical pipe (D, - 10.0 cm) into a reciprocating pump and is discharged through another cylindrical pipe with diameter of 20.0 cm. If the initial average hydraulic velocity of the fluid is 12.5 m/s, find (a.) the initial volumetric flow rate of the fluid in m/min. (6.) the mass flow rate of the fluid in kg/min, (e.) the final volumetric flow rate of the fluid in ne'min and (d.) the fluid velocity within the second pipe in m/s. Provide all assumptions. Fans, blowers and compressors are devices for moving gas (usually air). Fans discharge large volumes of gas at low pressures. Blowers and compressors discharge gases at higher pressures. With pumps and fans the density of the fluid does not change significantly, and incompressible flow can be assumed. Compressible flow theory is used for blowers and compressors. Fans are most commonly used for moving small volumes of gas at low pressures (100 to 200 kPa). Large fans are usually centrifugal and operated in a similar manner to centrifugal pumps. The centrifugal force produced by the fan rotor produces a compression of the gas, called static pressure head, and increased gas velocity "Man- "Belt Drive Fan" Cooling Fan" "Ventilation Fan" "Tubeaxial Fan" Blowers, also called turboblowers, are used to move gases/ compressible fluids at intermediate pressures (200 to 500 kPa). Turboblowers operates on the same principles as centrifugal pumps and also closely resemble centrifugal pumps in appearance. Multistage turboblowers, or blowers in series, are often used to go to higher gas pressures. Rotary blowers are machines of the positive-displacement type and are essentially constant-volume flow-rate machines with variable discharge pressure. "Explosion-Proof Blower" "Pressure Blower" "High Pressure Low Volume Blower" Compressors are used to move compressible fluids at higher pressures (from 200 to 500 kPa). Rotary compressors are also machines of the positive-displacement type where changing the speed will change the volume flow rate. Reciprocating positive- displacement compressors use pistons for very high pressures (above 500 kPa). Multistage devices are also available for pressures above 10,000 kPa. "Rotary" "Reciprocating" "Reciprocating" "Rotary