a robust theoretical framework for risk$-$based decision$-$making is paramount. Beginning with risk identification, engineers systematically pinpoint hazards, vulnerabilities, and potential consequences arising from diverse sources like natural disasters and human error. Subsequently, risk analysis employs quantitative methods such as probabilistic modeling and qualitative assessments via expert judgment to gauge likelihood and impact. Following this, risk assessment and management evaluate risks against safety standards, regulatory requirements, and stakeholder preferences, informing strategies like mitigation or acceptance. How does this theoretical underpinning optimize project outcomes, enhance safety, and maximize value for stakeholders in civil engineering practice and infrastructure projects?