a$.$ Snapchat's gross deferred tax assets increased during $2018.$ What two items explain the majority of the

increase?

b$.$ In $2017,$ Snapchat reported deferred tax liabilities. Explain how this liability arose.

c$.$ Why does the company record a valuation allowance? Given the size of the $2018$ allowance, what is the

company's expectation of future pretax income?

d$.$ Explain how the valuation allowance affected $2018$ net income.