A software development company pushes a critical update for its operating system, addressing security vulnerabilities. The chief information security officer $($CISO$)$ schedules a meeting with the security team to discuss the specifics of one of these vulnerabilities exploited in recent cyberattacks. Based on common operating system vulnerabilities, which of the following has insufficient or missing data validation mechanisms that lead to the system interpreting unintended command execution?

Group of answer choices

Side$-$channel attack

Privilege escalation

Buffer overflow

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