A static muscle action is A) concentric B) eccentric C) isotonic D) isometric E) isokinetic 2 Which of the following statements regarding dynamic muscle action is true A) It occurs when an athlete is able to exert enough force to lift a weight through a range of motion B) It occurs when external force (e g , gravity of a weight) is smaller than the internal force generated by the muscle contraction C) It results in a movement of the load D) It involves lengthening or shortening of the muscle tissue E) All of the above 3 Which of the following statements regarding dynamic muscle action is false A) An isokinetic action depends on the amount of muscular force generated by the muscles B) A concentric action is usually termed flexion C) An eccentric contraction occurs when a muscle cannot develop sufficient tension D) In an eccentric contraction, the muscle progressively lengthens during the movement E) Dynamic work occurs when internal and external forces are unbalanced 4 An isokinetic muscle action A) involves constant speed of motion B) allows the working muscles to release high tension over each section of movement range C) is a form of dynamic contraction D) in its pure form occurs rarely in sports events 1 Ontario Virtual School E) all of the above 5 Which of the following statements regarding isokinetic training is false A) It is particularly important in swimming and rowing B) It is accomplished with the use of dynamometers C) It is effective for strengthening the musculature uniformly at all angles of motion D) It involves constant tension during the full range of motion E) It involves dynamic contractions 6 Plyometric training would be most useful for which of the following sports A) sprinting B) basketball C) wrestling D) swimming E) tennis 7 Which of the following statements regarding plyometric training is false A) It has eccentric and concentric elements B) It is more useful for performance enhancement in wrestling than in volleyball C) It results in a greater increase in jump height than developed by strength training alone D) It includes leaping and bounding E) It is important for training of jumping ability 8 Plyometric training involves A) a sudden eccentric loading and stretching of muscles followed by a strong concentric contraction B) the prestretching of a muscle (concentric loading) C) a sudden concentric loading and stretching of muscles followed by a strong eccentric contraction D) jumping off an object (box) from a height of 25 to 40 inches E) both B and C 9 Joint angle affects a muscle's ability to produce force because A) It changes the speed of movement B) It sets off the Golgi tendon reflex C) It changes the length of the moment arms involved in performing the movement D) It alters the muscle's cross sectional area E) It affects the limb's ability to move through its full range of motion 10 For most joints, the most efficient joint angle is A) 90 degrees B) between 90 and 95 degrees C) between 90 and 100 degrees 2 Ontario Virtual School D) between 95 and 100 degrees E) 100 degrees 11 Which of the following plays an important part in the performance capacity of a muscle A) intra and intermuscle coordination B) muscle cross section C) elasticity of muscle D) anatomical structure E) all of the above 12 Which of the following statements regarding muscle cross sectional area and force production is true A) This relationship is emphasized by the performance of weightlifters across various weight categories B) The greater one's volume of active body matter, the greater one's strength C) Strength is determined by the amount of the entire body mass minus body fat D) All of the above E) A and B only 13 Absolute strength A) is the maximum amount of force a person can produce in a single effort B) is the maximum amount of force a person can sustain for an extended time C) is critical to athletes who are classified by weight D) is the proportion of maximal strength to body mass E) both A and C 14 Which of the following statements regarding relative strength is false A) It is important in events such as high jumping B) It is most effectively increased by stabilizing strength and reducing body mass C) It is defined as the proportion of maximal strength to body mass D) It is important in events such as weightlifting E) None of the above 15 Which of the following statements regarding speed of movement and force production is false A) At fast velocities, the cross bridges couple and uncouple faster, leading to greater cross bridge formation B) Speed of movement is closely linked to the main components of strength relative strength, power, and muscular endurance C) As the speed of movement is increased, the force the muscle can develop is increased D) All of the above E) A and C only 16 Which of the following statements regarding maximal strength is false 3 Ontario Virtual School A) It is the ability to perform maximal voluntary muscular contractions in order to overcome powerful external resistance B) One measure of maximal strength is one repetition maximum (1RM) the highest load the athlete can lift in one attempt C) Its importance for an athletic performance diminishes as the resistance that must be overcome and the period of competition are reduced D) It is one of the three components of strength E) None of the above 17 The ability to overcome external resistance by developing a high rate of muscular contraction is A) power B) absolute strength C) relative strength D) speed strength E) both A and D 18 Which of the following statements about muscular endurance is false A) It determines performance in rowing, swimming, and cross country skiing B) It is also important in predominantly repetitive activities where high demands are placed on strength and endurance C) It is known as strength endurance D) It is the ability of an athlete to resist fatigue in strength performance of longer duration E) It can be used to predict maximal strength 19 Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between maximal strength and power is false A) The higher the external resistance to be overcome, the more important maximal strength is for power performance B) The more internal force an athlete can generate to overcome external resistance, the more movement acceleration increases C) The greater the maximal strength, the higher the movement acceleration D) Sports requiring a high power output depend on maximal strength E) None of the above 20 Which of the following statements regarding high resistance training is false A) It results in an increased number of fast motor units that can be mobilized B) It results in an increase in myofibril diameter C) ST fibres respond very effectively to this type of training D) It is beneficial for power performances E) It improves intramuscle coordination 21 What is the formula for calculating 1RM A) load achieved resistance level 100 B) body mass maximal strength 100 4 Ontario Virtual School C) maximal strength body mass X 100 D) load achieved resistance level X 100 E) load X achieved resistance level 100 22 Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between maximal strength and muscular endurance is false A) Unless a specific sports event requires the possession of a maximal level of endurance or strength, training should achieve a balance between strength and endurance B) Repetitive maximal strength training increases both strength and endurance C) Relatively high levels of both strength and endurance can be achieved by training for strength and endurance in separate training sessions D) Relatively high levels of both strength and endurance can be achieved by training both in combination E) Vigorous training for running long distances leads to decreased muscle strength 23 During maximal response, the greater the FT fibre content of a muscle A) the lower the force output B) the slower the speed of contraction C) the greater the fatigability D) all of the above E) A and B only 24 With aging A) There is an increased risk of fractures associated with muscle mass changes B) Sedentary individuals lose 50 percent or more of their muscle mass by age 70 C) There is no overall muscle loss, just a decrease in the force generating potential D) There is a selective loss of ST fibres E) Both A and D 25 Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between gender and strength is false A) A difference in testosterone levels is a significant reason for the strength difference between men and women B) The difference in strength between males and females is mainly due to the difference in muscle volume C) The cross sectional area of a muscle fibre is smaller in women than in men D) Women have proportionally more type II fibres, while men have proportionally more type I fibres E) None of the above 5 Ontario Virtual School Part 2 Fill in the Blank Questions 25 marks Word Bank Answer concentric Answer Greek Answer eccentric Answer static or isometric Answer Plyometric Answer speed Answer testosterone Answer weight Answer apoptosis use it or lose it Answer fast Answer balance Answer endurance strength Answer maximal Answer fatigue Answer power or speed strength Answer maximal strength power muscular endurance Answer relative Answer muscle Answer angle cross sectional movement fibre age sex Answer sticking point Answer absolute Answer decreased Answer maximal strength Answer repetition maximum (RM) Answer decrease 1 Contraction in which there is no visible change in muscle length, even though the muscle has undergone muscle contraction, is known as contraction 2 When the muscle shortens as it goes through the range of motion, contraction has occurred 3 When the muscle lengthens during the movement, contraction has occurred 4 In isokinetic muscle action, the neuromuscular system can work at a constant during each phase of movement against a preset high resistance 5 muscle action involves a concentric contraction from a stretched position 6 The terminology used for the major muscle actions has been developed from the language 7 Factors that affect a muscle's ability to produce force include joint , muscle area, speed of , muscle type, , and 8 In weightlifting terms, the greatest area of weakness in the range of motion is known as the 9 The greater one's stature, the greater one's strength provided body mass is composed mainly of 10 The maximum amount of force a person can produce in a single effort is known as maximal or strength 11 The relationship between maximal strength and body mass is referred to as strength 6 Ontario Virtual School 12 As the speed of movement is increased, the force that a muscle can develop is 13 The main components of strength are , , and 14 The ability of an athlete to perform maximal voluntary muscular contraction in order to overcome powerful external resistance is known as 15 The ability of an athlete to overcome external resistance by developing a high rate of muscular contraction is known as 16 Muscular endurance is the ability of an athlete to resist in strength performance of longer duration 17 The maximal feasible number of repetitions of a particular load is referred to as the 18 Determining an athlete's maximal number of repetitions against submaximal resistance will produce a reasonably accurate assessment of strength 19 Training for running long distances leads to an increase in cardiorespiratory fitness and a corresponding in muscle volume 20 Repetitive maximal strength training decreases and increases 21 Unless a specific sports event requires the possession of a maximal level of endurance or strength, training should achieve a between strength and endurance 22 In general, the greater the twitch fibre content of a muscle, the greater the force output 23 Two possible causes of sarcopenia include and the phenomenon 24 One of the major factors accounting for the physical performance differences between men and women is the ratio of strength to 25 Men produce 20 to 30 times more of the hormone than do women 7 Ontario Virtual School Part 3 Short Answer Questions 30 marks 1 Identify the primary type of muscle contraction used in the following activities (Note Be more specific than just static or dynamic ) (10 marks) Word Bank concentric, plyometric, eccentric, concentric, isometric, eccentric, concentric, plyometric, isometric The down phase of a push up Carrying a bag of groceries The up phase of a squat Using a Nautilus machine Pulling yourself up in a chin up Lowering a barbell Doing a jump squat Performing a plank exercise Lifting a medicine ball Leaping and bounding 2 Name two sports that use isokinetic training How common are isokinetic contractions in sport (5 marks) 3 Describe the process of eccentric loading Why is plyometric training popular among high jumpers and basketball players (5 marks) 4 Explain how joint angle affects a muscle's ability to produce force What is the most efficient joint angle (5 marks) 5 Explain how the same muscles can perform opposite movements Do movements usually involve only one muscle group

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Question: A static muscle action is: A) concentric B) eccentric C) isotonic D) isometric E) isokinetic 2. Which of the following statements regarding dynamic muscle action

A static muscle action is:
A) concentric
B) eccentric
C) isotonic
D) isometric
E) isokinetic
2. Which of the following statements regarding dynamic muscle action is true:
A) It occurs when an athlete is able to exert enough force to lift a weight through
a range of motion.
B) It occurs when external force (e.g., gravity of a weight) is smaller than the
internal force generated by the muscle contraction.
C) It results in a movement of the load.
D) It involves lengthening or shortening of the muscle tissue.
E) All of the above.
3. Which of the following statements regarding dynamic muscle action is false:
A) An isokinetic action depends on the amount of muscular force generated by
the muscles.
B) A concentric action is usually termed flexion.
C) An eccentric contraction occurs when a muscle cannot develop sufficient
tension.
D) In an eccentric contraction, the muscle progressively lengthens during the
movement.
E) Dynamic work occurs when internal and external forces are unbalanced.
4. An isokinetic muscle action:
A) involves constant speed of motion
B) allows the working muscles to release high tension over each section of
movement range
C) is a form of dynamic contraction
D) in its pure form occurs rarely in sports events
1
Ontario Virtual School
E) all of the above
5. Which of the following statements regarding isokinetic training is false:
A) It is particularly important in swimming and rowing.
B) It is accomplished with the use of dynamometers.
C) It is effective for strengthening the musculature uniformly at all angles of
motion.
D) It involves constant tension during the full range of motion.
E) It involves dynamic contractions.
6. Plyometric training would be most useful for which of the following sports:
A) sprinting
B) basketball
C) wrestling
D) swimming
E) tennis
7. Which of the following statements regarding plyometric training is false:
A) It has eccentric and concentric elements.
B) It is more useful for performance enhancement in wrestling than in volleyball.
C) It results in a greater increase in jump height than developed by strength
training alone.
D) It includes leaping and bounding.
E) It is important for training of jumping ability.
8. Plyometric training involves:
A) a sudden eccentric loading and stretching of muscles followed by a strong
concentric contraction
B) the "prestretching" of a muscle (concentric loading)
C) a sudden concentric loading and stretching of muscles followed by a strong
eccentric contraction
D) jumping off an object (box) from a height of 25 to 40 inches
E) both B and C
9. Joint angle affects a muscle's ability to produce force because:
A) It changes the speed of movement.
B) It sets off the Golgi tendon reflex.
C) It changes the length of the moment arms involved in performing the
movement.
D) It alters the muscle's cross-sectional area.
E) It affects the limb's ability to move through its full range of motion.
10. For most joints, the most efficient joint angle is:
A) 90 degrees
B) between 90 and 95 degrees
C) between 90 and 100 degrees
2
Ontario Virtual School
D) between 95 and 100 degrees
E) 100 degrees
11. Which of the following plays an important part in the performance capacity of a
muscle:
A) intra- and intermuscle coordination
B) muscle cross-section
C) elasticity of muscle
D) anatomical structure
E) all of the above
12. Which of the following statements regarding muscle cross-sectional area and force
production is true:
A) This relationship is emphasized by the performance of weightlifters across
various weight categories.
B) The greater one's volume of active body matter, the greater one's strength.
C) Strength is determined by the amount of the entire body mass minus body fat.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.
13. Absolute strength:
A) is the maximum amount of force a person can produce in a single effort
B) is the maximum amount of force a person can sustain for an extended time
C) is critical to athletes who are classified by weight
D) is the proportion of maximal strength to body mass
E) both A and C
14. Which of the following statements regarding relative strength is false:
A) It is important in events such as high jumping.
B) It is most effectively increased by stabilizing strength and reducing body mass.
C) It is defined as the proportion of maximal strength to body mass.
D) It is important in events such as weightlifting.
E) None of the above.
15. Which of the following statements regarding speed of movement and force
production is false:
A) At fast velocities, the cross bridges couple and uncouple faster, leading to
greater cross bridge formation.
B) Speed of movement is closely linked to the main components of strength:
relative strength, power, and muscular endurance.
C) As the speed of movement is increased, the force the muscle can develop is
increased.
D) All of the above.
E) A and C only.
16. Which of the following statements regarding maximal strength is false:
3
Ontario Virtual School
A) It is the ability to perform maximal voluntary muscular contractions in order to
overcome powerful external resistance.
B) One measure of maximal strength is one repetition maximum (1RM) - the
highest load the athlete can lift in one attempt.
C) Its importance for an athletic performance diminishes as the resistance that
must be overcome and the period of competition are reduced.
D) It is one of the three components of strength.
E) None of the above.
17. The ability to overcome external resistance by developing a high rate of muscular
contraction is:
A) power
B) absolute strength
C) relative strength
D) speed-strength
E) both A and D
18. Which of the following statements about muscular endurance is false:
A) It determines performance in rowing, swimming, and cross-country skiing.
B) It is also important in predominantly repetitive activities where high demands
are placed on strength and endurance.
C) It is known as strength endurance.
D) It is the ability of an athlete to resist fatigue in strength performance of longer
duration.
E) It can be used to predict maximal strength.
19. Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between maximal
strength and power is false:
A) The higher the external resistance to be overcome, the more important
maximal strength is for power performance.
B) The more internal force an athlete can generate to overcome external
resistance, the more movement acceleration increases.
C) The greater the maximal strength, the higher the movement acceleration.
D) Sports requiring a high power output depend on maximal strength.
E) None of the above.
20. Which of the following statements regarding high-resistance training is false:
A) It results in an increased number of fast motor units that can be mobilized.
B) It results in an increase in myofibril diameter.
C) ST fibres respond very effectively to this type of training.
D) It is beneficial for power performances.
E) It improves intramuscle coordination.
21. What is the formula for calculating 1RM?
A) load / [achieved resistance level / 100]
B) body mass / [maximal strength / 100]
4
Ontario Virtual School
C) maximal strength / [body mass X 100]
D) load / [achieved resistance level X 100]
E) load X [achieved resistance level / 100]
22. Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between maximal
strength and muscular endurance is false:
A) Unless a specific sports event requires the possession of a maximal level of
endurance or strength, training should achieve a balance between strength and
endurance.
B) Repetitive maximal strength training increases both strength and endurance.
C) Relatively high levels of both strength and endurance can be achieved by
training for strength and endurance in separate training sessions.
D) Relatively high levels of both strength and endurance can be achieved by
training both in combination.
E) Vigorous training for running long distances leads to decreased muscle
strength.
23. During maximal response, the greater the FT fibre content of a muscle:
A) the lower the force output
B) the slower the speed of contraction
C) the greater the fatigability
D) all of the above
E) A and B only
24. With aging:
A) There is an increased risk of fractures associated with muscle mass changes.
B) Sedentary individuals lose 50 percent or more of their muscle mass by age
70.
C) There is no overall muscle loss, just a decrease in the force-generating
potential.
D) There is a selective loss of ST fibres.
E) Both A and D.
25. Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between gender and
strength is false:
A) A difference in testosterone levels is a significant reason for the strength
difference between men and women.
B) The difference in strength between males and females is mainly due to the
difference in muscle volume.
C) The cross-sectional area of a muscle fibre is smaller in women than in men.
D) Women have proportionally more type II fibres, while men have proportionally
more type I fibres.
E) None of the above.
5
Ontario Virtual School
Part 2: Fill in the Blank Questions
/25 marks
Word Bank:
Answer: concentric Answer: Greek Answer: eccentric Answer: static or isometric
Answer: Plyometric Answer: speed Answer: testosterone Answer: weight Answer:
apoptosis; use it or lose it Answer: fast Answer: balance Answer: endurance; strength
Answer: maximal Answer: fatigue Answer: power or speed-strength Answer:
maximal strength; power; muscular endurance Answer: relative Answer: muscle
Answer: angle; cross-sectional; movement; fibre; age; sex Answer: sticking point
Answer: absolute Answer: decreased
Answer: maximal strength Answer: repetition maximum (RM) Answer: decrease
1. Contraction in which there is no visible change in muscle length, even though the
muscle has undergone muscle contraction, is known as _________ contraction.
2. When the muscle shortens as it goes through the range of motion, _________
contraction has occurred.
3. When the muscle lengthens during the movement, _________ contraction has
occurred.
4. In isokinetic muscle action, the neuromuscular system can work at a constant
_________ during each phase of movement against a preset high resistance.
5. ____________ muscle action involves a concentric contraction from a stretched
position.
6. The terminology used for the major muscle actions has been developed from the
_________ language.
7. Factors that affect a muscle's ability to produce force include joint _________,
muscle _________ area, speed of _________, muscle _________ type, _________,
and _________.
8. In weightlifting terms, the greatest area of weakness in the range of motion is known
as the _________.
9. The greater one's stature, the greater one's strength - provided body mass is
composed mainly of _________.
10. The maximum amount of force a person can produce in a single effort is known as
maximal or _________ strength.
11. The relationship between maximal strength and body mass is referred to as
_________ strength.
6
Ontario Virtual School
12. As the speed of movement is increased, the force that a muscle can develop is
_________.
13. The main components of strength are ____________, ____________, and
____________.
14. The ability of an athlete to perform maximal voluntary muscular contraction in order
to overcome powerful external resistance is known as _________.
15. The ability of an athlete to overcome external resistance by developing a high rate
of muscular contraction is known as _________.
16. Muscular endurance is the ability of an athlete to resist _________ in strength
performance of longer duration.
17. The maximal feasible number of repetitions of a particular load is referred to as the
_________.
18. Determining an athlete's maximal number of repetitions against submaximal
resistance will produce a reasonably accurate assessment of _________ strength.
19. Training for running long distances leads to an increase in cardiorespiratory fitness
and a corresponding _________ in muscle volume.
20. Repetitive maximal strength training decreases ____________ and increases
____________.
21. Unless a specific sports event requires the possession of a maximal level of
endurance or strength, training should achieve a _________ between strength and
endurance.
22. In general, the greater the _________ twitch fibre content of a muscle, the greater
the force output.
23. Two possible causes of sarcopenia include _________ and the _________
phenomenon.
24. One of the major factors accounting for the physical performance differences
between men and women is the ratio of strength to _________.
25. Men produce 20 to 30 times more of the hormone _________ than do women.
7
Ontario Virtual School
Part 3 Short Answer Questions
/30 marks
1. Identify the primary type of muscle contraction used in the following activities.
(Note: Be more specific than just static or dynamic.) (10 marks)
Word Bank: concentric, plyometric, eccentric, concentric, isometric, eccentric,
concentric, plyometric, isometric
The down phase of a push-up _________
Carrying a bag of groceries _________
The up phase of a squat _________
Using a Nautilus machine _________
Pulling yourself up in a chin-up _________
Lowering a barbell _________
Doing a jump squat _________
Performing a plank exercise _________
Lifting a medicine ball _________
Leaping and bounding _________
2. Name two sports that use isokinetic training. How common are isokinetic contractions
in sport? (5 marks)
3. Describe the process of eccentric loading. Why is plyometric training popular among
high jumpers and basketball players? (5 marks)
4. Explain how joint angle affects a muscle's ability to produce force. What is the most
efficient joint angle? (5 marks)
5. Explain how the same muscles can perform opposite movements. Do movements
usually involve only one muscle group?

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