A statistics instructor measured student attitudes toward a statistics course prior to lectures, at the midterm, and after the final test. Attitudes were measured on a 16-point scale, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes toward the statistics course.

Student Prior to Lectures At the Midterm After the Final

A 6 5 10

B 4 10 16

C 8 7 14

D12 13 16

E56 11

Based on the results shown in the table, test whether or not attitudes differed using the Friedman test at a 0.05 level of significance. (Round your answer to two decimal places.)

X^2R =_____________