A study was done with work-study students at a university who were calling the university alumni to raise money for the school. It turned out that after the student workers spent just five minutes meeting the beneficiaries of the money they were raising, their performance increased significantly. In some cases, they spent more time on the phone with the alumni and raised twice as much money with simply that five-minute exposure.

What accounts for the workers' increased motivation and performance post-meeting with beneficiaries?

1. Meeting with the beneficiaries of the money they were raising (the end-user of their job) helped the workers to better understand the difference they were making with their jobs.
2. Being given more discretion in what to say to the alumni during the calls (not having to follow a script) increased their autonomy.
3. Being given wise feedback by their managers more frequently than before helped workers achieve mastery.
4. None of these answers.