A theoretical foundation in civil engineering encompasses various principles, including structural mechanics, material science, fluid dynamics, geotechnical engineering, and construction management. These underpin the understanding of how forces act upon structures, the behavior of construction materials under different conditions, the movement of fluids within hydraulic systems, soil mechanics for foundation design, and efficient project planning and execution. Such knowledge forms the backbone for designing, constructing, and maintaining infrastructure in a safe, sustainable, and cost$-$effective manner.