A thin rectangular plate is uniformly deformed as shown below.

Determine

a$)$ The normal strain along the x $-$axis. ${}_x=$

b$)$ The normal strain along the $x^{\text{'}}-$axis. ${}_{x^{\text{'}}}=$

c$)$ The shear strain between the x and y axes. ${}_{xy}=$

d$)$ The shear strain between the $x^{\text{'}}$ and $y^{\text{'}}$ axes. ${}_{x^{\text{'}}{y}^{\text{'}}}=$