a) What are problems in adding parallelism to an object-oriented language after the language has been designed? Explain in detail using examples of languages discussed above.

(b) How processes are managed in concurrent object-oriented programming languages in terms of their creation, activation, termination, and granularity?

(c) What are the challenges with synchronization relative to the languages described.

(d) Provide a commentary on this paper as to how things have changed and how they are the same during the last thirty years relative to concurrency in object oriented programming languages.

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TABLE 1 PROCESS-MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS Languoge Creation Termination Activation Granularity Implicit Implicit Implicit Explicit Implicit Implicit Explicit Implicit Implicit Explicit Explicit On message receipt On message receipt On message receipt Entry calls to guardian On message receipt Invoking a parallel function Invoking process object Abcl/1 Continue after reply Continue after reply On reply Terminate on reply Continue after reply Terminate on reply Terminate on reply Continue after reply Continue after reply Continue after reply Terminate on reply Continue after reply Continue after reply Terminate on reply Medium Abel/R Medium Actor Fine Argus Coarse Concurrent Smalltalk Medium COOL Medium to large Eiffel Medium Emerald On creation Coarse Gnu C++ On creation Coarse Hybrid On creation of object and thread Coarse Nexus Coarse On message receipt On program start Parmacs Static Medium Implicit Explicit POOL-T On creation Medium Presto On creation of thread object Large