a$.$ what happens when innovation pushes out the efficiency frontier in an industry, allowing for greater value to be offered through superior differentiation at a lower cost than was previously thought possible.

b$.$ what happens when a company decides to ignore different segments, and produce a standardized product for the average consumer.

c$.$ what happens when a company decides to serve many segments, or even the entire market, producing different offerings for different segments.

d$.$ the way a company decides to group customers based on important differences in their needs to gain a competitive advantage.

e$.$ a business's overall competitive theme, the way it positions itself in the marketplace to gain a competitive advantage, and the different positioning strategies that can be used in different industry settings.