Question: (a) When budgets are developed within a large organisation using a participatory (bottom-up) approach, the existence of budget slack is very con slack. (6 marks)

(a) When budgets are developed within a large organisation using a participatory (bottom-up) approach, the existence of budget slack is very con slack. (6 marks) (b) Target costing is a strategic cost management tool which can create value to contemporary organisations. Define, describe and illustrate how the target costing approach is used (6 marks) (c) Name and describe the FOUR different categories of quality costs incurred in manufacturing firms. Give two examples for each category of costs. (8 marks)

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