According to DeSilva $(2021),$ the hominin fossil record is replete with examples of debilitating injuries that were healed $($like bone fractures$)$ and pathologies that must have been extremely difficult to live with $($like spinal tumors or arthritis$).$ He believes that this is evidence that...$$

$...$early hominins must have been in conflict with other apes in their environments, especially our closest relatives the chimpanzees and bonobos.$$

$...$hominins were exceptionally violent toward one another, and that our violent tendencies were only tamed recently under civilization.

$...$early hominins were uniquely vulnerable to bone fractures and bone diseases due to our poor diets and malnutrition.$$

$...$early in our history, we began relying on cooperation and care to survive. Hominins overcame some of the limitations of bipedalism by looking out for one another.$$