According to Ferguson $(2018)$; public procurement projects account for up to $50$ per cent of the annual government spending worldwidel. Some of the largest documented schemes of corruption occur in this sector. Operation C$$r Wash $($the Odebrecht case$)$ was described by the United States Department of Justice as ${?}^{\text{'}\text{'}\text{'}}$ the largest foreign bribery case in history". This case implicated officials in more than twelve countries and led to prosecution and conviction of several company officials and external parties $($Lessa$,2017).$

$2\mathrm{.}1$ Briefly discuss the types and role of procurement internal controls required to safeguard against illicit behaviour in a procurement environment $($make use of relevant example$)?$

Preventative

$(30$ Marks$)$

Defectme $-$ kegural awititor

Corrective $-$ Terminate

Comtrict

QUESTION $3$

Public procurement is one of$,$ the government activities most vulnerable to corruption. In addition to the volume of transactions and the financlal interests at stake, corruption risks are exacerbated by the complexity of the process, the close interaction between public servants and businesses, and the multitude of stakeholders. Unethical practices can occur in all phases of the procurement cycle. However, each phase may be prone to specific kinds of integrity risks.

$3\mathrm{.}1$ Briefly discuss the integrity risks prone to the phases of the procurement process $($make use of pract$$cal examples$)?$

$(30$ Marks$)$