According to Porter (2008, the five competitive forces that shape strategy), shaping/reshaping strategy enables a firm to reshape industry structure by re-dividing profitability in favor of incumbents. All of the following are examples of shaping/reshaping strategy EXCEPT

a.

If Mobileye can reduce the share of profit that leaks to its powerful buyers (i.e., the 1st tier suppliers) by understanding its buyers' buyers (i.e., OEMs) and standardizing its product, the strategy can be understood as reshaping strategy.

b.

Paccar, a Washington-based truck manufacturer, has chosen to focus on one group of drivers who own their trucks and serve as subcontractors to larger trucking companies. This strategy can be understood as reshaping strategy. (The case of Paccar can be found in the Porter's article: the five competitive forces that shape strategy).

c.

If Marriott seeks alliance with Hilton Hotel to undermine the power of online travel agencies, the strategy can be understood as reshaping strategy.

d.

If a firm intend to standardize specifications for parts to make it easier to switch among suppliers, this strategy can be understood as reshaping strategy.