According to the article $(2003)$ Guide et al $-$ The Challenge of Closed$-$Loop Supply Chains,

one of the primary challenges associated with Closed$-$Loop Supply Chains is that:

companies do not actively manage the process of acquiring returns, failing to align costs and selling

opportunities.

reverse and closed$-$loop supply chains, including remanufacturing, are not new.

the manufacturer has the intent of capturing additional value.